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NPS_HI_SURVEY

> 21-cm HI survey of the North Polar Spur · velocity & heat maps · shell mass estimation

COMPLETE > ARCHIVE_001 ACCESS_REPO VIEW_REPORT
// SECTION_01 :: OVERVIEW

A 21-cm neutral-hydrogen survey of the North Polar Spur supershell with the 4.5-m Leuschner dish (1420.4 MHz), covering Galactic longitudes ℓ = 210°–20° and latitudes b = 0°–90° across 1170 pointings over two sessions. A Raspberry-Pi / ugradio stack drove an SDR spectrometer (2.4 MHz band, 1024 channels → Δv ≈ 0.12 km/s, 4° beam) with frequency switching at 10 s per state, producing an (ℓ, b, v) data cube for morphology, kinematics, and mass.

NPS brightness-temperature heat map
Figure 1: NPS brightness-temperature (heat) map, cross-calibrated against the LAB survey. The NPS arc reads as a bright ridge near b ≈ 30°, ℓ ≈ 350°, peaking at Tb ≈ 31.5 K against an ambient ISM below 5 K. The hot band at b ≈ 0° is the Galactic plane, not the shell, residual plane contamination motivates denser sampling and full 3-D modeling.
// SECTION_02 :: SURVEY & CALIBRATION

Dual-polarization spectra were averaged, bandpass-flattened by frequency switching, and RFI-cleaned in four stages, then absolutely calibrated against the Leiden–Argentine–Bonn (LAB) survey at five high-latitude pointings, giving a system temperature Tsys = 43 ± 6 K (radiometer noise ΔTrms ≈ 1.2 K).

System-temperature cross-calibration against the LAB survey
Figure 2: Cross-calibration against the LAB HI survey at five high-latitude pointings, giving a median Tsys = 43 ± 6 K. The ±6 K spread is large but consistent with this receiver: the same Leuschner system has been characterized near 47 K in the literature (arXiv:2603.05603).

Intensity-weighted LSR velocity centroids span −45.3 to +61.0 km/s: a coherent +10 to +35 km/s redshift traces the receding far wall along the main arc, while blueshifts near ℓ ≈ 210°–230° trace the approaching near wall. After removing ~10–15 km/s of Galactic rotation, this implies a shell expansion velocity Vexp ≈ 20–30 km/s.

NPS LSR velocity-centroid map
Figure 3: LSR velocity-centroid map. The main NPS arc recedes at +10 to +35 km/s (far wall) while the near wall approaches at −10 to −20 km/s; the coherent gradient is the kinematic signature of an expanding shell.
// SECTION_03 :: MASS ESTIMATION & ERROR

Applying the Berkhuijsen et al. (1971) geometric annulus (30°–58° from the Loop I center) selected 665 pointings; a 2σ brightness cut at Tb > 12.86 K above a 5.80 ± 3.53 K foreground isolated 209 shell-wall pointings. Summing the excess column density (median NHI = 1.82×10¹⁹ cm⁻²) gave a shell HI mass Mshell = 9,124 ± 2,741 M at D = 140 pc, bracketed 4,655–18,620 M over 100–200 pc.

The mass is dominated by systematics, beam solid angle (±25%, since Ω ∝ θ²) and Tsys calibration (±20%), with statistical radiometer noise under 1%. The ~6× excess over the canonical Heiles (1998) ~1,500 M is accounted for by D² distance scaling, a broader shell annulus, and residual foreground contamination, motivating denser sampling and full 3-D shell modeling.

NPS mass-estimation and column-density plots
Figure 4: Integrated line-profile and column-density distributions used for the mass estimate. Summing the shell-wall excess within the Berkhuijsen annulus yields Mshell = 9,124 ± 2,741 M at D = 140 pc.
RF Signal Processing Fourier Frequency Analysis 3D Data Visualizations Python Data Analysis Statistical Modeling